What is a Pap smear test?
A Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) is a test that helps find abnormal cells in the cervix. It is sometimes called a Pap test. During the test, a provider collects a small sample of cells from your cervix to check under a microscope for changes that may lead to or be cervical cancer or other conditions.1, 2
The procedure is usually quick and done in a provider’s office. While you might feel some pressure or mild discomfort, it shouldn’t be painful.2, 3
Why are Pap smears important?
Pap smears are one of the best ways to catch cervical cancer early. Detecting abnormal cervical cells before they turn into cancer may make treatment more effective. In fact, regular Pap smears have greatly reduced both cervical cancer cases and deaths.1,3
Changes in cervical cells can happen even if you feel good and don’t notice symptoms. That’s why Pap smears are an important part of routine preventive care.4
What to know about Pap smears and HPV testing
A Pap smear may be done on its own or combined with a test for human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus that may cause cervical cancer. Testing for both Pap and HPV together may give providers more information about your cervical health.2,4
How often should you get a Pap smear?
Guidelines vary by age and health history:
- Ages 21 to 29: A Pap smear every 3 years2,3
- Ages 30 to 65: A Pap smear every 3 years, a Pap smear plus HPV test every 5 years or a high-risk HPV (hrHPV) test every 5 years2,3,5
- Over 65: You may not need Pap smears if you’ve had regular screenings with normal results in the past or if you’ve had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion or cervical cancer3,4,5
Your provider may recommend a different schedule based on your personal health needs.3
Preparing for a Pap smear and what to expect during the test
To get the most accurate results, try to schedule your Pap smear when you’re not on your period. Avoid vaginal creams, medicines or sex for about 2 days before your appointment.2
Here’s what usually happens during the test:
- You’ll lie on an exam table with your feet in stirrups
- A speculum (a small medical tool) is gently inserted to widen the vaginal walls
- Your provider uses a small brush or spatula to collect cells from your cervix
The process usually takes just a few minutes.2,3
Understanding your Pap smear results
Results typically come back as:
- Normal (negative): No abnormal cells were found2
- Unclear: Cells look slightly different but may not be harmful. Your provider may recommend further testing.3
- Abnormal: Changes were found that may need to be watched more closely or treated.3 This includes atypical, precancerous or cancerous cells.4
Keep in mind: An abnormal result doesn’t mean you have cancer. It just means you may need more follow-up care.2
When should I talk to a provider about a Pap smear?
You may want to reach out to your provider if:
- You’ve never had a Pap smear and are 21 or older3
- You’re unsure how often you should be tested2
- You’ve had abnormal Pap results in the past3
- You notice symptoms like bleeding between periods, pelvic pain or unusual discharge4
Pap smears are a simple but powerful way to protect your health. Talk to your provider about the right screening schedule for you — it’s an important step in preventive care and staying well.
Share
